Today I’m going to be talking about Why I Write, a collection of essays by George Orwell. The book was written in 1946. This particular edition is from the Penguin Great Ideas series, and it features four essays. Along with Why I Write there is Politics and the English Language, also from 1946, The Lion and the Unicorn which was a campaign for socialism written in 1940, and a piece called A Hanging from 1931. Today though I’d just like to concentrate on Why I Write and Politics and the English Language, because they go very well together as two essays.

Moving firstly onto Why I Write, this was written in 1946 and it’s Orwell’s attempt to explain why he himself writes, and also by proxy why other people write too. He defines four reasons, and I think they’re as relevant today as when they were first written over 60 years ago. The first reason he defines as “sheer egoism”, which is the desire to seem clever, to be talked about, or to be remembered after death. I think sheer egoism really goes a long way to explaining a lot of writing on the web today, especially that done for marketing purposes.

Orwell’s second reason is what he calls the “aesthetic enthusiasm”, which is the perception of beauty in the external world or, on the other hand, beauty in words and their right arrangement. Most writers I think want to write nice flowing pieces in the same way that Orwell himself does: his writing isn’t extravagant, it’s quite plain but it’s very precise. He moves onto this subject later too in his other essay.

His third reason for why he writes is what he calls the “historical impulse”, which is the desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and to store them up for the use of posterity.

His fourth reason is what he calls the “political purpose”. He says he’s using the word political in the widest possible sense here, meaning the desire to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other people’s idea of the kind of society they should strive after. Orwell in this particular essay claims that he’s not a political writer, but his other writing really doesn’t bear that out! In this book alone, The Lion and the Unicorn is a socialist polemic – some of that piece may not be as relevant today as it once was, but a lot of it is, especially the first part of The Lion and the Unicorn which is sometimes republished under the title England, This England. That’s still relevant, that’s worth reading.

If we move onto the second part of this book, let’s look at the essay Politics and the English Language from1946. This is really Orwell’s reaction against the kind of writing that was prevalent at the time, the very formal, stuffy types of writing that obfuscate the writer’s meaning rather than making it clear. He says that writers deliberately try to obscure what they’re saying to make it more palatable. In fact, the front cover quotation on the book isn’t from Why I Write – I think somebody got confused there – it’s from Politics and the English Language. The quotation, which is actually what drew me to the book in the first place, is “Political Language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind.” Quite!

Orwell’s six commandments, really, for writing as he sees it, are:

1. Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. He’s really talking here about not using cliches. People still do that today of course, and some people have even argued that using cliches can be a good thing because at least everyone already understands the meaning of the phrase.

2. Never use a long word where a short one will do. I think maybe that these days people are really coming round to this view. There’s the Campaign for Plain English, and the whole heap of faux-friendly informal writing that you get on gas bills and things – everyone’s your mate these days (even though they’re not!).

3. If it’s possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.

4. This is one for the grammar people among you: never use passive where you can use the active! You either know what that means or you don’t! If you don’t, Wikipedia can explain.

5. Never use a foreign phrase, scientific word or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. The thing that really annoys me is when people write little Latin phrases when the English one would be fine, eg “in toto” instead of “in total” or “completely”.

6. Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous. That’s ironic in the way that Orwell has written this essay because he claims that people couch barbarous things such as war in political language. This essay was written in 1946. If you look at Tony Blair and the Iraq war, and at George Bush, you see exactly the same thing going on! There was a book written in 2007 called Unspeak by Steven Poole, which makes very much the same point too.

There’s not a great deal of depth to go into with the two essays in this book that I’ve discussed, I just wanted to make people aware that they exist. They’re worth a read. The first one, Why I Write, is only 10 pages long. The second, Politics and the English Language is only 18 pages long. They’re pretty easy to read, they flow quite nicely, but they are still relevant today, so I really recommend the book to anyone.

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Indigenous languages are dying out all over the world, pushed out by the lingua francas and major national languages. Linguists predict that at least half of the 6000 languages spoken worldwide today will disappear within the next century.

Most people think that there is only one Aboriginal language in Australia – this is a misconception! Another misconception is that all Aboriginals speak English, or that English is their native tongue. Aboriginal Australia is one of the most linguistically and culturally diverse regions on earth. It is estimated that between 300 and 600 distinct tribal groups existed in Australia before the white settlement in the late 18th century, and they spoke between 200 and 300 distinct languages.

Today, only about 100 Aboriginal languages are still in every day use in Australia, with some spoken by only a few elders and most facing extinction. As few as 20 of recorded Aboriginal languages, such as Yolngu, Arrernte and Warlpiri are in a healthy condition, whereby they are spoken by large communities, including children and young people learning them as their first language.

Most but not all Aboriginal people speak English as their first or second language. In a country of 22 million people, only about 55,000 people can speak an indigenous language. After English, Kriol is the most widely spoken language – from the Kimberley to northwest Queensland. Across southern Australia, most people speak English and Aboriginal English (a unique variety of English spoken by Aboriginal people).

It is widely accepted that almost all Australian indigenous languages belong to one family and are descended from one original language, spoken thousands of years ago around the central north coast of Australia.

Over time, Aboriginal nomadic tribes moved over the whole continent, with different dialects developing into separate, mutually unintelligible languages.

The first words from an Aboriginal language, including kangaroo, were recorded by Captain James Cook in 1770. Subsequent words, such as boomerang and dingo, were adopted into English after Governor Phillip brought the first group of convicts to Sydney in 1788.

Another little known fact is that there are Aboriginal interpreters who assist their clients in a variety of settings, including medical and legal.

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There are many ways to learn a new language: you can go live in a country where the language is spoken, attend a formal language class, get a private language tutor or use books and written materials. Other ways to learn a foreign language are to listen to CDs or audiocassette tapes, watch TV, movies and video programs, memorize phrase books, use the Internet or employ a combination of all the above.

But not everyone can arrange to live in a foreign country. Native speakers of the language may not be available. Written or recorded commercial materials may not be available in the language you’re interested in (Cochimi, Cibemba or Kukapa, anyone?) True, many major languages like Spanish, French, German, Italian, and Portuguese broadcast TV programs via cable. Even Korean, Catalan, Arabic and Japanese have venues available in cosmopolitan areas worldwide; but the vast majority of the world’s thousands of spoken tongues are simply not at large outside of their local areas. So what’s a prospective polyglot to do?

One answer of course, is the internet. Plug “foreign language courses” into an internet search engine like Google or Yahoo and more than 62 million hits instantly come up. From Afrikaans to Punjabi, and Hebrew to Zulu, thousands of listings lay before you only a mouse click away. How exactly then, can the internet be used to tackle learning a foreign language? Start off effectively by using these six ways:

1. Do an initial evaluation

The first thing you may want to know is where you are in the scheme of learning the language. An initial language skills evaluation is in order; are you a raw beginner? False beginner? Intermediate level? Higher? Let’s take English as a second or foreign language as an example. English proficiency diagnostics tests are free online at:

• General English Test with instant results

http://nll.co.uk/test/english.shtml

• Parlo http://parlo.com/

(diagnostic tests in English, Spanish, and French)

• Upper Intermediate Test

http://www.wordskills.com/level/caeform.html

If you score above 80% in this test, you should take the next one and also show your teacher or tutor a copy of the results.

2. Become familiar with language learning strategies

How do YOU learn? Knowing this can make the daunting task of foreign language learning less like study and more like play. Are you a Visual – Spatial learner who likes pictures, drawings, graphics and extensive use of color? A Musical – Rhythmic type that would benefit from having your lessons and materials set to music, rhythm or rhyme? Perhaps you’re the athletic type who’d derive more success with learning by motion, movement, mime or even dance? Playing the works of Mozart in the background while studying has been shown to enhance learning in a number of areas. To find out more about your manner of learning visit these sites for starters:

• Learning Styles Explanation [http://www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/ILSdir/styles.htm]

• Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire [http://www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/ILSdir/ilsweb.html]

• The Success Types Learning Style Indicator [http://www.ttuhsc.edu/SOM/Success/LSTIntro.htm]

3. Practice reading skills

Literacy is one of the 21st century’s most innately valuable compound skills. After all, you’re reading THIS now, aren’t you? Few would wish to be illiterate in their new foreign language so practice of reading skills is paramount. Online newspapers, magazines, newsletters and blogs can provide the needed practice and learning materials. Check out these reading comprehension skills sites:

• How to Read Your Textbook More Efficiently

[http://www.utexas.edu/student/utlc/lrnres/handouts/1422.html]

• Self-study reading lessons http://www.english-to-go.com/

• Read the article in the following address:

[http://www.pacificnet.net/~sperling/quiz/read1a.html]

In the address that follows, take the quiz to verify your

understanding of the reading passage:

[http://www.pacificnet.net/~sperling/quiz/read1b.html]

4. Help in developing listening skills

Considered to be the most difficult of the language skills to develop, listening cannot be taught. Rather, you must practice, practice, practice and then practice some more. Every week, twice a week I passed a street vendor at the same spot, absolutely clueless as to what he was saying. I knew what he was selling – I just peeked over at his wares. But his entreaties in street Spanish fell on my language-clogged ears for months. Then one evening, without warning, it happened. Just two days before, his cries were the same incomprehensible slur they’d been for months. That one evening however, when he launched into his huckster’s spiel I suddenly understood every word. My listening comprehension skills had clicked in. Why then? No one knows. Especially not me, and I’m a post-graduate-degreed Language Education Specialist!

Practice your listening skills with radio programs in your target language for a change at http://www.live365.com which has live global feeds 24 hours a day in multiple languages.

Foreign language internet radio and foreign news radio in 27 European, 4 Middle Eastern, 9 Asian languages and audio feeds from 19 African countries are broadcast on: http://www.multilingualbooks.com/online-radio.html

5. Playing games and having fun

Vocabulary is often referred to as the building blocks of language. Knowledge of vocabulary is one aspect that separates the language learning levels. The more vocabulary you know, the more communicative you are. Here are some unique linguistic sites that help build your language as you “play”:

• The http://www.manythings.org/ site offers “interesting things for ESL students” like songs, jokes, quizzes, word games, puzzles, slang and even podcasts to help stimulate English language acquisition.

• The foreign language course site at:

http://www.foreignlanguagehome.com/topics/courses/index.htm

has activities in 27 languages including Finnish, Mandarin and Quechua.

• At the Transparent Language site you can play games in any one of more than 100 languages from Afrikaans to Farsi or Guarani to Yoruba. And yes, they have Zulu too. Check out all their listings here: http://www.transparent.com/games/

6. So what language tickles your fancy?

While the selection of language courses, tutorials, news feeds, music and other audio – visual materials online is extensive, ALL the world’s languages simply aren’t available. Sorry. But many are and here’s how to find yours if it’s online.

• 108 FREE online foreign language courses are posted at: http://www.word2word.com/coursead.html

• The PARLO language website offers courses in English, Spanish French and Italian at: [http://www.parlo.com/parlo21/home/courselist/courselist_en.asp]

• The E. L. Easton Language Institute offers 14 languages online from Albanian to Japanese, Latin to Croatian to Russian and Spanish. The site is online at: http://eleaston.com/languages.html

• A plethora of language learning activities for the world wide web are online for practice activities from the University of Hawaii here: [http://polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/lss/lang/nflrc.html]

Although the internet may not be the complete answer to all your foreign language learning needs it nonetheless can be a tremendous resource in your efforts to habla español, parlez francaise, or sprechenze Deutcsh. The prestige, financial gains, personal satisfaction, envy and opportunities that frequently follow with knowledge of a foreign language are without equal. Why don’t you start today trying out some of these effective ways to use the Internet to learn a language. Be sure to read the companion article “Six Quick Tricks for Learning a Language” at: http://EzineArticles.com/?id=72718 By the way, if you do find Cochimi, Cibemba or Kukapa, please let me know – I’m still looking.

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The style of your organization is unique. However, the differences with other styles are minor. There are not too many ways in which a company unfolds itself into the (near) future. We all have to solve problems. We are to compete and cooperate. We are to build equipment and systems. We organize activities. We interact with clients and sell products or services.

Still there is this unique voice that resonates between the walls of your organization. The tone of this voice can alter, but much of it is as it is. Yours!

Style is a way of life. The way you organize activities, plan projects, manage people, solve conflicts, and react on disasters.

And with all that, style shows you the way. Like a tradition. Like a ritual. It is a way of conduct. As a habit; the repetition of activities.

Like the house-style is defined by rules, your organizational style also responds to rules. Those rules are tacit. It is the implicit knowledge of the way your organization “organizes.”

If you read the style guide of the economist - – which refers to the guide written by George Orwell (Politics and the English Language: http://www.k-1.com/Orwell/index.cgi/work/essays/language.html) – - you experience a guide that shows you part of your writing solution. It directs you.

Therefore, the word “Guide” combines very powerful with the word “Style.”

A “Management Style Guide” guides your organization, not only management. It shows the rules that you implicitly use. Rules that have solved conflict in previous situations and that have produced case-law. Situation you have dealt with before. And solved. Most of the time you can just follow that way…

© 2006 Hans Bool

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Candidates new to the North American job market face a great challenge. They must compete in a new country where they may not be so familiar with the local culture and work environment. Where English is not their first language, these candidates new to North America face an even greater challenge. We have interviewed many foreign workers who are technically brilliant, but don’t interview well. While our job interview courses provided a more comprehensive training, below are a few common mistakes that we have seen that can be prevented.

Understanding the question.

Understanding the interview question is critical to answering it correctly. Make sure you understand the question completely before you attempt to answer it. I have seen many candidates, who did not answer an interview question correctly because they misunderstood what they were being asked. If English is not your first language, here are some tips you can use to help you during an interview.

If you did not understand the interview question asked, don’t be afraid to ask the interviewer to repeat or clarify the question. Here it is your responsibility to request clarification, until you understand the question. Asking the interviewer to clarify the question is much better than attempting to answer a question that you misunderstood.

Writing notes during an interview can help you understand the interview question and prepare your answer. If you could write faster or if you feel more comfortable writing in your native language than do so. Take note of the key items in the question that you need to address and jot down key answer points. This will help you ensure that you do not forget important points in your answer. This technique is especially useful with complex more difficult questions. When taking notes, do not transcribe the entire question and answer, rather write down a few key words that you will address. I can recall an attendee from one of our interview workshops who was a very qualified Telecom Engineer but whose English was not as strong. I had no doubt that he was a strong candidate but sometimes he misunderstood the question and provided an incomplete answer since he rushed when responding. Through our interview workshop, we provided this candidate some personalized answering strategies that included taking notes. He improved his interview skills dramatically.

If the interviewer offers you a drink, take it. It is not impolite to accept the offer of a drink in an interview. Believe me after 20 minutes or more of talking you will be glad you had a glass of water especially if you are nervous and your mouth becomes dry. You will perform better when you are well-hydrated. It is good practice to take a sip before answering a difficult interview question, since you will gain a few precious seconds to gather your thoughts before answering.

Eye contact

In some Eastern cultures direct eye contact with one’s superiors or elders is avoided, since it is a sign of disrespect. In an interview in North America, the exact opposite is true. Direct eye contact, signals to the interviewer that you are honest, trustworthy and dependable. While we are on this topic of body language, don’t forget that a smile communicates to your interviewer your warmth and friendliness. So remember eye contact and a smile goes a long way in developing report with your interviewer.

Cultural awareness

Understanding the work culture that you are interested in becoming a part of what help you interview better. We have interviewed many candidates whose answers could be significantly improved with this understanding. For example, in our job interview coaching sessions with a foreign candidate I ask a standard interview question to assess conflict resolution:

“Describe a time when you had a conflict at work and how you handled it?”

Not knowing how to respond, not knowing that workplace conflict is accepted and acknowledged as part of work, many times these candidates would respond by saying simply that “I have never had or I do not have conflicts with others or I get along with everyone”. In our debrief, these candidates would explain that in their cultures having a conflict at work is considered extremely negative. Unfortunately, this type of answer does not provide an interviewer the information needed to assess your conflict resolution skills. The result is not getting any score or credit for that question which puts you at a disadvantage when compared against other candidates.

Understanding the differences identifying potential conflicts is as important as knowing the positives you bring to the table. Celebrate the differences that you bring that compliment a workplace. Since progressive employers and employers who want progress understand different viewpoints and backgrounds are the building blocks of innovation.

So if you are new to North America and the Western work culture, take some time to learn about the work culture that you are entering into. Learn about the local work culture of the company, the city, and the country that you are interested in becoming a part of. Look for similarities, differences, complements and conflicts. By understanding the local culture, you will improve your interview responses significantly.

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Today I’m going to be talking about Why I Write, a collection of essays by George Orwell. The book was written in 1946. This particular edition is from the Penguin Great Ideas series, and it features four essays. Along with Why I Write there is Politics and the English Language, also from 1946, The Lion and the Unicorn which was a campaign for socialism written in 1940, and a piece called A Hanging from 1931. Today though I’d just like to concentrate on Why I Write and Politics and the English Language, because they go very well together as two essays.

Moving firstly onto Why I Write, this was written in 1946 and it’s Orwell’s attempt to explain why he himself writes, and also by proxy why other people write too. He defines four reasons, and I think they’re as relevant today as when they were first written over 60 years ago. The first reason he defines as “sheer egoism”, which is the desire to seem clever, to be talked about, or to be remembered after death. I think sheer egoism really goes a long way to explaining a lot of writing on the web today, especially that done for marketing purposes.

Orwell’s second reason is what he calls the “aesthetic enthusiasm”, which is the perception of beauty in the external world or, on the other hand, beauty in words and their right arrangement. Most writers I think want to write nice flowing pieces in the same way that Orwell himself does: his writing isn’t extravagant, it’s quite plain but it’s very precise. He moves onto this subject later too in his other essay.

His third reason for why he writes is what he calls the “historical impulse”, which is the desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and to store them up for the use of posterity.

His fourth reason is what he calls the “political purpose”. He says he’s using the word political in the widest possible sense here, meaning the desire to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other people’s idea of the kind of society they should strive after. Orwell in this particular essay claims that he’s not a political writer, but his other writing really doesn’t bear that out! In this book alone, The Lion and the Unicorn is a socialist polemic – some of that piece may not be as relevant today as it once was, but a lot of it is, especially the first part of The Lion and the Unicorn which is sometimes republished under the title England, This England. That’s still relevant, that’s worth reading.

If we move onto the second part of this book, let’s look at the essay Politics and the English Language from1946. This is really Orwell’s reaction against the kind of writing that was prevalent at the time, the very formal, stuffy types of writing that obfuscate the writer’s meaning rather than making it clear. He says that writers deliberately try to obscure what they’re saying to make it more palatable. In fact, the front cover quotation on the book isn’t from Why I Write – I think somebody got confused there – it’s from Politics and the English Language. The quotation, which is actually what drew me to the book in the first place, is “Political Language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind.” Quite!

Orwell’s six commandments, really, for writing as he sees it, are:

1. Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. He’s really talking here about not using cliches. People still do that today of course, and some people have even argued that using cliches can be a good thing because at least everyone already understands the meaning of the phrase.

2. Never use a long word where a short one will do. I think maybe that these days people are really coming round to this view. There’s the Campaign for Plain English, and the whole heap of faux-friendly informal writing that you get on gas bills and things – everyone’s your mate these days (even though they’re not!).

3. If it’s possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.

4. This is one for the grammar people among you: never use passive where you can use the active! You either know what that means or you don’t! If you don’t, Wikipedia can explain.

5. Never use a foreign phrase, scientific word or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. The thing that really annoys me is when people write little Latin phrases when the English one would be fine, eg “in toto” instead of “in total” or “completely”.

6. Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous. That’s ironic in the way that Orwell has written this essay because he claims that people couch barbarous things such as war in political language. This essay was written in 1946. If you look at Tony Blair and the Iraq war, and at George Bush, you see exactly the same thing going on! There was a book written in 2007 called Unspeak by Steven Poole, which makes very much the same point too.

There’s not a great deal of depth to go into with the two essays in this book that I’ve discussed, I just wanted to make people aware that they exist. They’re worth a read. The first one, Why I Write, is only 10 pages long. The second, Politics and the English Language is only 18 pages long. They’re pretty easy to read, they flow quite nicely, but they are still relevant today, so I really recommend the book to anyone.

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“1984″ is probably one of the biggest selling books of the late 20th century, and has been translated into over 50 languages. It is not only a story of courage, but of struggle as George Orwell himself was very sick when he wrote it, and many say writing the book ruined his health.

George Orwell was an enigmatic figure, a humanist who died soon after he wrote one of the most readable, and thought provoking books on how tyranny effects society.

Based on a fictional post-war society, were the world is divided into three great warring empires, Winston Smith is a outer- party member living in Airstrip One, which was once Britain. The party, dominate all life, and every citizen is watched by the ‘thought’ police. Airstrip One is part of Oceania.

Winston works in the Ministry of Truth, his job is destroy and re-write history, as “unpersons” and bad news are erased from history. Julia, the rebel, another outer-party member works in the pornography department, and is a member of the anti-sex league.

The story 1984, has continued to outlive time, and essentially a love story between Winston Smith, and the rebellious Julia, trying to survive in a state were “War is Peace,” and “Ignorance is Strength,” and “Big Brother,” is watching you. And those who are caught and arrested by the thought police, become “unpersons”, who end up in in the:Ministry of Love.”

The most terrifying aspect and mystery of the whole book, is what is the truth in the story, because once the past can controlled and erased. The party control the truth, which changes constantly. And those who question the “truth,” could end up in room 101 in the Ministry of Love.

Those who carefully read the book or watch the movie, even at the end would not only be moved, and shocked but realize that many questions remain unanswered. Was Big Brother real?. Was Oceania really at War?, are two of many questions any reader would dwell over after finishing reading the book.

A Movie was made of the book starring John Hurt, and Richard Burton. It was Richard Burtons final Movie, as he died after the Movie was finished. A coincidence considering George Orwell also died shortly after the book was published.

The Movie is freely available on Google Video, it suits a more mature audience, and its haunting soundtrack brings in the viewer into what many see as a sick, but very real society with some paradoxes to today.

The ‘poor’ or the proles in the story are free, but are preoccupied with the lottery, and have no interest in politics. They do not rebel, and accept as the hierarchy of society as the party. Although they insult the party, and complain, they do nothing to change things.

“Big Brother” is not a reality show, but the idea of the reality show came from 1984, were everyone is watched through the “telescreen,” hidden cameras and microphones. Parallel to many of us in modern cities, constantly being watched, and monitored with CCTV cameras.

Many readers or viewers would find both the book, and movie depressing. But it serves as a warning, which many say protects our democracies from becoming tyrannies, as we remember the sad affair of Winston and Julia, and may see a little of ourselves in the characters in the story.

Both the Movie and the book are freely available through Google video, and books.

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Are English speaking websites based in the US simply insular

and uncaring about foreign web traffic or are we actually

Xenophobic?

Xenophobia – a phobic attitude toward strangers – comes from

the Greek words xenos, meaning “foreigner”, “stranger”.

Trolling through the “referrers” section in my web site

traffic logs routinely shows hundreds of Google foreign

language searches. Those foreign language search referrals

usually total just slightly more than the combined total of

Yahoo and MSN English language search referrals. So doesn’t

it make sense to pay more attention to foreign language

search in SEO than to fiddle with Yahoo and MSN optimization?

My traffic logs routinely show hundreds of translation tool

referrals.

Those referrals come from foreign language searchers that

REALLY want to read the pages. Foreign language visitors

who don’t know about online translation tools (like Google’s)

will leave the search result pages without visiting your site.

Why not provide your pages in the most common European

and Asian languages with your text in their native language

already? Look in your logs for the following referrer URL:

[http://64.233.179.104/translate_c] with URL’s of your own

site appended. This query at “Google English” is a request by

a foreign language user for a translation of that page on your

site. The most common of them are from Google.es (Spain) and

Google.de (Germany) and Google.pt (Portugal). Last month

there were nearly 1,000 of these queries from Google

translation tools in my logs. Check that tool out here:

http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=en

This translation – or “Language Tools” page at Google is

helpful in escaping our insular attitudes about English

language search by showing us that Google currently supports

34 languages and hosts servers in 141 countries – literally

from A to Z. http://www.Google.ae (United Arab Emirates) to

http://www.Google.co.zm (Zambia)

Google has 117 languages listed on that page, but they’ve

buried a few ringers in there with “Elmer Fudd”, “Klingon”,

and “Pig Latin” to throw linguists for a loop. While it’s

interesting to use those funny options, clicking the “I’m

Feewing Wucky” on the “Elmer Fudd” language produces the same

results as does the English language search, it’s just cuter

with the letters “L” and “R” replaced with “W’s” on the

search page.

http://www.google.com/intl/xx-elmer/

But we need to look at the fundamental reason that Google

offers this “Language Tools” page and the machine translation

there. It is because web site owners in the U.S. don’t offer

multiple languages on their own sites.

While it is not uncommon to see a row of four to six flags

representing the top few languages on many European based

sites (especially Italy, Spain and France based companies) -

it is actually rare to see multiple language options on U.S.

based business sites.

There are manifold reasons for this lack of communication by

English speaking countries with the rest of the world. The

top reason is that we simply don’t need to know other

languages to live our daily lives in this country, so we

rarely think of using other languages online. While English

is a primary language spoken around the world, including

Canada, Australia, India, Britain and is a second language

spoken by millions of primarily foreign language speakers.

While it is common to visit major cities in Japan, Italy,

Mexico and dozens of metropolitan cities around the planet

without fear that we’ll be unable to find English speaking

hoteliers, restaurateurs, and even cabbies – it is an

arrogant expectation. I’ve been to each of those countries

and didn’t need any Japanese, Italian or Spanish language

skills while on either business or pleasure.

But we’ve got to be realistic if we are to take part in the

global medium of the web. Those web pages are viewable by an

estimated 700 million people around the world and millions

of those would happily visit and read your web site if it

were available in the world’s top languages and indexed in

foreign search engines. So why not provide that option?

Major corporate web sites in the U.S. will inevitably require

polished human translation of their major web pages, with

variations for international tastes and preferences – most

small and medium business sites cannot afford that option.

This leaves machine translation as the best remaining option.

While it is possible for any site visitor to use translation

tools online to convert your English language text into

foreign tongues, it sends the visitor away from your site to

the translation service. Not ideal.

The best option is to use translation software to put those

foreign language variations on your own site and host them

from your own server in the languages you offer. The reason

to host them is, very simply, that if you provide machine

translated foreign variants of all your pages, they will be

crawled by foreign search engines and indexed and ranked on

European and Asian search engines.

The web audience in China was roughly estimated at just over

100 million in 2005 and is expected to balloon in the near

future. Simply being indexed for Chinese language searches

and reasonably ranked could increase traffic for U.S. sites

dramatically. The European audience is fragmented with many

more language options – the main representative languages on

the web are Spanish, French, Portugese, German & Italian,

while Chinese, Korean and Japanese make up the bulk of the

remaining web audience. Those eight languages are offered in

popular machine translation software packages.

If a site has already been optimized for English language

search, the SEO will have included the most important

keywords. While machine translation is not entirely reliable

for proper sentence structure and grammar once translated, it

at least gets most words and many word combinations correct.

Content sites, who often rely on advertising for income,

would love to see the extra pageviews and ad clicks coming

from foreign visitors reading their pages in their native

language.

Once a content site owner sees their largest foreign audience

trends (through web traffic analytics statistics), they can

fine-tune their SEO for individual languages and actually pay

for professional translation and foreign language SEO of the

most profitable pages. But simply getting a content site

indexed by search engines in more than eight new countries

will bring waves of new visitors and increase advertising

income substantially.

Copyright July 12, 2006 by Mike Banks Valentine

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English Language Teaching and learning methodology and didactic approaches have been in an almost constant state of flux since the advent of the Grammar – Translation method documented by German-American anthropologist Franz Boas and the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen during the early 20th century. Each of the English language teaching and learning methodology and didactic approaches of past decades has contributed to the state of the art that now exists. Here are a few key contributors to ELT.

Past Trends in ELT

Approximately every decade a new approach or methodology comes into vogue. Audio-lingual method, TPR, Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP), Direct method, the Natural approach and the Communicative approach have all had their heydays. As elements of Computer-Aided Language Learning (CALL) began to grow, the very need for human teachers came briefly into question. Suddenly, everyone wanted to get “plugged in” like the hero in the movie “Matrix” and learn everything instantly. From Piaget to Pimsleur, ever widening facets of language and learning have been ladled upon our world. Many theorists, linguists, language researchers, educational psychologists and a sea of teachers have contributed to our knowledge and understanding of the language teaching and learning processes. A few of the many major theories, events and trends which shaped ELT during past decades include:

o Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences opened the way to more diversity of activities focused on the students themselves and their innate skills, preferences and abilities.

o Student-centered teaching and learning-based courses, texts and programs developed at an increased rate.

o Noam Chomsky’s theory of Transformational Generative Grammar gave us greater insight into language learning vs. language acquisition and of structural linguistics.

o Stephen Krashen et al provided us with five hypotheses to deepen our insight into language acquisition and learning

o Psychologists Roger Sperry contributed the theory of Dual Psychology which explained our two innate brains and Paul MacLean’s Triune brain model postulated the three layers of depth to our thinking and actions

o Hermann’s Brain Dominance Model allowed us improved understanding of how personality characteristics, learning styles and language learning integrate.

o Several well-validated texts emerged in North America, Europe, Latin America and Asia as international and regional benchmarks for EFL curriculum.

The listings could easily go on and on as there are many significant contributions that could be noted here. Each of the English language teaching and learning methodology and didactic approaches of past decades has contributed in part to our understanding and applications of English as a foreign or second language. The Total Physical Response of Asher put movement and motion into language learning getting students out of their desks and into the flow, for example. The article “Predictions of Trends in ELT for 2006: What to Expect in the Upcoming Year” will discuss continuing developments we might expect.

Prof. Larry M. Lynch is an English language teaching and learning expert author and university professor in Cali, Colombia. Now YOU too can live your dreams in paradise, find romance, high adventure and get paid while travelling for free. For more information on entering or advancing in the fascinating field of teaching English as a Foreign or Second Language send for his no-cost PDF Ebook, “If You Want to Teach English Abroad, Here’s What You Need to Know”, immediate delivery details and no-obligation information are available online now at: http://bettereflteacher.blogspot.com/ Need professional, original content or articles for your blog, newsletter or website? Have a question, request, or want to receive more information or to be added to his articles and teaching materials mailing list? Then contact the author at this website for a prompt response. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Larry_M._Lynch

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2010-09-18 – Wheaton North Falcon Marching Band Festival. 2010-10-16 – Bands of America Super Regional … 2010-11-06 – Bands of America Regional Championships: Indianapolis, IN …

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Join the BOA Text Club and get BOA Championship Finals Results sent to your cell phone as soon as they are available after each Regional, Super Regional and Grand …

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This blog is dedicated to provide the latest results of Philippine lincensure examination conducated by the Professional Regulation Commission … Registration will start on September 29, 2010 until October 15, 2010 in Central Office and September 29, 2010 until October 8, 2010 on regional offices. The oath-taking ceremony of the successful examinees will be held on Tuesday, December 7, 2010 during the IECEP Convention at the SMX Convention Center, Mall of Asia Complex, …

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One of the hardest things about learning a new language is the repetition that goes into memorizing phrases, the second; is constantly having to pour over different sources to find the exact piece of info you need, and finally the self discipline to actually use the new words and phrases in sentences and while speaking aloud.

One of the best methods to learn a new language by is repeatedly listening to the language CD’s you purchased which explain the basics and also allow you to multi-task quicker and more efficiently while listening to the CD.

You can pause the CD player, go and find your language dictionary or if you don’t have it on you, write down the word for later. You can also listen to the CD anywhere as it is much easier to manage than constantly having to bring a book around with you, if you want to even lessen the space you can rip music from the CD and add it to your MP3 player and listen to it on the bus, in the car or even while sleeping.

Another great way to learn languages quicker is by picking up an e-book. E-books with good testimonials tend to be quite popular since the people who bought them yielded amazing results with that particular e-book. An e-book is great to take over a book since you’ll be able to read it on your devices which you can carry around such as, Phones, iPods and Laptops. Usually software is downloadable which allows the e-book to be read aloud so you can listen to it as well as read it.

These tips will help considerably when learning any language!

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